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How to Prevent Ebola Virus?
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The Ebola Virus Disease, commonly called Ebola, is a severe and often deadly viral illness caused by viruses of the genus Ebolavirus. It mainly affects humans and some animals, such as monkeys and bats. The disease was first identified in 1976 near the Ebola River in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Ebola spreads through direct contact with:
Blood or body fluids of an infected person
Contaminated objects such as needles or bedding
Infected animals (especially bats or primates)
Bodies of people who died from Ebola
It is not usually spread through ordinary airborne transmission like the common cold or flu.
How Ebola Affects Human Health
Ebola attacks multiple organs and tissues in the body. The virus damages:
Blood vessels
Immune system cells
Liver and kidneys
Blood clotting mechanisms
This can lead to:
Severe dehydration
Internal and external bleeding
Organ failure
Shock
Death in serious cases
The fatality rate varies depending on the outbreak and treatment availability, ranging from about 25% to 90%.
Symptoms of Ebola
Symptoms usually appear 2–21 days after exposure.
Early Symptoms
Sudden fever
Severe weakness and fatigue
Headache
Muscle pain
Sore throat
Advanced Symptoms
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Stomach pain
Skin rash
Red eyes
Bleeding from gums, nose, or internal organs
Difficulty breathing
Confusion
Disease Progression
A typical progression may look like this:
Infection and incubation period
Flu-like symptoms
Gastrointestinal illness
Severe dehydration and weakness
Bleeding and organ complications in severe cases
Precautions and Prevention
Personal Precautions
Avoid contact with blood or bodily fluids of infected persons
Wash hands frequently with soap
Use alcohol-based sanitizers
Avoid handling dead animals in outbreak areas
Cook meat thoroughly
Avoid close contact with suspected Ebola patients
Medical Precautions
Isolation of infected patients
Use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
Proper sterilization of medical instruments
Safe burial practices
Contact tracing and quarantine
Vaccination
Vaccines such as the Ervebo vaccine are used in some regions to control outbreaks, especially in parts of Central and West Africa.
Treatment
There is no simple “cure,” but supportive medical care greatly improves survival:
Intravenous fluids
Oxygen therapy
Blood pressure stabilization
Treatment of secondary infections
Antiviral treatments in some cases
Where Ebola Outbreaks Usually Occur
Most outbreaks have occurred in:
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Uganda
Guinea
Sierra Leone
Liberia
The largest outbreak occurred in West Africa from 2014–2016.
Important Note
Ebola is extremely serious, but outbreaks are usually localized and controlled through rapid medical response, isolation, and public health measures. Casual day-to-day contact in countries without outbreaks generally poses a very low risk.
Bibliography
World Health Organization. Ebola Virus Disease. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). Available at:
WHO Ebola Information PageCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. About Ebola Disease. Atlanta: CDC. Available at:
CDC Ebola OverviewNational Institutes of Health. Ebola Virus. Bethesda: NIH. Available at:
NIH Ebola ResearchEbola: The Natural and Human History of a Deadly Virus. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2014.
The Hot Zone. New York: Anchor Books, 1995.
Feldmann, Heinz, and Geisbert, Thomas W. “Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever.” The Lancet, vol. 377, no. 9768, 2011, pp. 849–862.
Kuhn, Jens H. et al. “Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies.” Vienna: Springer, 2008.
Médecins Sans Frontières. Ebola Response and Emergency Care. Available at:
MSF Ebola Crisis InformationUNICEF. Ebola: Prevention and Community Awareness. Available at:
UNICEF Ebola ResourcesEncyclopaedia Britannica. Ebola Virus. Available at:
Britannica Ebola Article
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