Islamic Scientific Schools

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. Abū-ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn-ʿAbdallāh Ibn-Sīnā  [Avicenna] (ca. 970–1037) was the preeminent philosopher and physician of the Islamic world.  In his work, he combined the disparate strands of philosophical/scientific [ 2 ]  thinking in Greek late antiquity and early Islam into a rationally rigorous and self-consistent    scientific  system that encompassed and explained all reality, including the tenets of revealed religion and its theological and mystical elaborations. In its integral and comprehensive articulation of    science  and philosophy, it represents the culmination of the Hellenic tradition, defunct in Greek after the sixth century, and reborn in Arabic in the 9 th  (Gutas 2004a, 2010). It dominated intellectual life in the Islamic world for centuries to come, and the sundry reactions to it, ranging from acceptance to revision to refutation and to substitution with para...

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. What is Holography? Holography is a technique for creating three-dimensional (3D) images using laser light. It was invented in the 1940s by Hungarian-British physicist Dennis Gabor, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1971 for his work on holography. Video Player 00:00 00:04 In holography, a laser beam is split into two parts. One part is directed onto the object being imaged, and the other part is used as a reference beam. When the two beams are recombined, they create an interference pattern that is recorded on a photographic plate or other light-sensitive material. When the hologram is illuminated with laser light, the interference pattern creates a 3D image of the object, which appears to float in space. Unlike a traditional photograph, a hologram captures not only the intensity of the light reflecting off the object but also the phase of the light waves. This allows the hologram to record the complex wavefron...