Islamic Scientific Schools

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. The universe is often perceived as a vast collection of independent objects governed by physical laws. However, a closer examination of nature reveals a far more profound reality: every component of creation exists within an intricate network of relationships and mutual dependence. The stars forge the elements that form planets and living organisms; the atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere sustain one another through continuous cycles; and every living species contributes, directly or indirectly, to the balance of its ecosystem. This pervasive interconnectedness suggests that the cosmos is not merely an assembly of separate entities but a unified and coherent system whose stability depends upon the harmonious interaction of its diverse parts. This study advances the concept of the Symbiotic Universe as a Qur'anic theory of universal interdependence. It argues that the Qur'an presents creation as an integrated whole in...

A Reflection on Surah al-Falaq and Islamic Cosmology Introduction The Qur'an begins Surah al-Falaq with a profound declaration: قُلْ أَعُوذُ بِرَبِّ الْفَلَقِ "Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of Al-Falaq." (Qur'an 113:1) Traditionally, Al-Falaq is understood as the dawn or daybreak. Yet the Arabic word possesses a deeper and more fundamental meaning. Derived from the root fa-la-qa , it signifies splitting, cleaving, bursting forth, and emergence. It describes the moment when something concealed breaks through its enclosure and becomes manifest. The sequence of the Surah is noteworthy: قُلْ أَعُوذُ بِرَبِّ الْفَلَقِ مِن شَرِّ مَا خَلَقَ "Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of Al-Falaq, from the evil of what He has created." If al-Falaq referred only to the daily dawn, there is a certain jump in scale: Verse 1 would refer to a daily natural phenomenon. Verse 2 would immediately move to the entirety of creation. However, if Al-Falaq is understood as the p...

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. Introduction: All praise is due to ALLAH and His blessings and eternal peace be upon His Last Messenger, Abul Qasim Muhammad bin Abdullah, Al Makki, Al Madni, Al Arabi, Al Hashimi, and Al Qarshi.              There are a lot of works by contemporary intellectuals on the subject, but I am sorry to say that most of them have ignored Hadiths and original commentaries on the Qur’an. They just relied on their own intellect to interpret the Qur’anic narratives, even without caring about the context. Relating the    science  with Qur’an is a good job, but it requires basic knowledge of the Qur’an, Hadith, and Arabic language in addition to professional    scientific  knowledge. It is also important that only the established scientific facts should be allowed to relate to Qur’an. Mostly accepted theories by professional scientists, not contradi...