Islamic Scientific Schools

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. The Houthi Militia: Origin, History, and Terrorist Activities Introduction The Houthi movement , officially known as Ansar Allah ("Supporters of God"), is a Zaydi Shia political and armed movement that emerged in northern Yemen during the 1990s. What began as a revivalist religious and political movement gradually transformed into one of the Middle East's most heavily armed non-state actors. Today, the Houthis control Yemen's capital, Sana'a, and much of north-western Yemen, exercising de facto governmental authority over millions of people. See the U.S. National Counterterrorism Center profile and Arab News Houthi coverage . Several governments—including the United States —have designated the Houthis as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) because of attacks on civilians, commercial shipping, and military targets. Other governments and international bodies have not uniformly adopted the same desi...

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. International Relations – CSS Student Notes Introduction What is International Relations (IR)? International Relations is the academic discipline that studies interactions among states and other actors in the international system. These interactions include political, economic, strategic, legal, cultural, and ideological dimensions. IR seeks to explain how global order is created, maintained, challenged, and transformed. In CSS, International Relations is approached both as a descriptive field (what happens in world politics) and an analytical discipline (why and how it happens). Definition and Scope of International Relations Definition International Relations can be defined as: “The study of relations among sovereign states, along with the study of non-state actors whose actions have consequences across national boundaries.” Classical definitions emphasized state-to-state relations , whereas modern definitions include g...

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. The U.S.-Saudi petrodollar pact, established in the 1970s, has been a cornerstone of global economic and geopolitical stability for the past 50 years. Background The  U.S.-Saudi petrodollar pact , established in the 1970s, has been a cornerstone of global economic and geopolitical stability for the past 50 years. This arrangement, initiated by the Nixon administration and facilitated by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, required Saudi Arabia to sell its oil exclusively in U.S. dollars. In return, the U.S. provided military protection and economic support to the Kingdom. This pact not only bolstered the U.S. dollar as the world’s primary reserve currency but also created a significant interdependence between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia. Significance of the Petrodollar System Strengthening the U.S. Dollar : The requirement for oil to be traded in U.S. dollars ensured a constant global demand for the currency, reinforcing ...

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. The  Global Corruption Barometer (GCB)  is one of  Transparency International ‘s key tools for measuring and understanding public attitudes towards corruption. Here’s a more detailed look at what it is, how it works, and its significance: Overview Launched:  First conducted in 2003. Purpose:  To gauge public perceptions and experiences of corruption across different sectors and institutions in various countries. It provides a comprehensive picture of how corruption affects everyday life for ordinary citizens. Methodology Survey Scope: Conducted regularly in over 100 countries, covering all major regions of the world. Involves interviews with thousands of respondents in each country. Data Collection: Uses a combination of face-to-face, telephone, and online interviews, depending on the country and context. Questions are standardized to ensure comparability across countries and over time. Key Metrics: ...

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. Outline Introduction Historical Context of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy Pakistan’s balancing tradition Relations with Iran, the United States, Saudi Arabia, China, and the Muslim world America-Iran War 2026: Regional and Global Implications Causes of the conflict Strategic consequences for the Middle East Threats to global peace and economy Pakistan’s Strategic Position Geographical significance Military credibility Diplomatic neutrality Islamic legitimacy Why Pakistan is Being Compared to Switzerland Neutrality Mediation Peace diplomacy Strategic trust Pakistan’s Diplomatic Contributions During the Crisis Hosting peace negotiations Facilitating ceasefires Preventing sectarian escalation Balancing rival powers Opportunities for Pakistan Diplomatic prestige Economic corridors Gwadar and trade routes Leadership in the Muslim world Challenges and Constraints Political instability Economic vulnerabilities Sectarian pressures Exter...