Islamic Scientific Schools

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. Introduction The extreme latitudes of the Earth present one of the most challenging questions in contemporary Islamic jurisprudence. In regions near the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, normal astronomical signs that determine prayer and fasting times may partially or completely disappear. During the phenomenon known as the Midnight Sun, the sun remains above the horizon for weeks or months. During the Polar Night, it may not rise at all. Islamic acts of worship are traditionally linked to observable solar phenomena. Fajr begins with true dawn, Dhuhr with the sun's decline from the meridian, Maghrib with sunset, and Isha with the disappearance of twilight. When these signs cease to exist or become indistinguishable, Muslims face an important legal question: how are the obligations of prayer and fasting to be fulfilled? Remarkably, classical Islamic jurists addressed this issue centuries before Muslims permanently settle...

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. Fajr and Isha Times: A Digital Dilemma Abstract The determination of Fajr and Isha prayer times has traditionally been one of the most observable aspects of Islamic worship. For over fourteen centuries, Muslims identified these prayer times directly through visible astronomical phenomena occurring during twilight. However, the transition from direct observation to digital computation has introduced significant challenges. Modern prayer time software must transform observable celestial events into mathematical algorithms, yet the astronomical behavior of twilight is far more complex than fixed numerical models can adequately represent. Most contemporary prayer time applications rely upon fixed solar depression angles to calculate Fajr and Isha. While computationally convenient, this approach often diverges from actual twilight observations because the visibility of dawn and dusk varies with latitude, season, atmospheric cond...

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. Artificial Intelligence (Al) has great potential to serve humanity, but at the same time, it is capable of destroying all mankind. So AI must be managed and manipulated very wisely. There is a number of things that should be banned with reference to AI, to ensure the empathetic use of this strange technology. Introduction Artificial Intelligence  (AI) has great potential to serve humanity, but at the same time, it is capable of destroying all mankind. So AI must be managed and manipulated very wisely. There is a number of things that should be banned with reference to AI, to ensure the empathetic use of this strange technology. What Is Artificial Intelligence and Its Potential to Serve Humanity? Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer    science  that deals with creating machines or software that can perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, spee...