Islamic Scientific Schools

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. The Makkah Joint Defence Agreement: A New Framework for Collective Security in the Muslim World Introduction On 7 August 2026 , Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Türkiye signed the Makkah Joint Defence Agreement in the holy city of Makkah, marking one of the most significant military and strategic developments in the contemporary Muslim world. Signed by Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman , Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , and Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif , the agreement establishes a formal trilateral collective defence framework among three of the Muslim world's most influential military powers. ( AP News ) The treaty comes at a time when the Middle East is experiencing heightened geopolitical instability, including conflicts involving Iran, tensions in the Red Sea, attacks on Gulf energy infrastructure, and increasing uncertainty regarding regional security arrangements. Rather than relying exclusive...

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. The Multinational Maritime Defense Coalition: A New Strategic Security Architecture for the Red Sea and Bab el-Mandeb The security of international maritime trade has become one of the defining geopolitical challenges of the twenty-first century. Following repeated attacks on commercial shipping in the Red Sea and the declaration of a naval blockade by Yemen's Houthi movement, Saudi Arabia and thirteen partner nations have established the Multinational Maritime Defense Coalition (MMDC) . The coalition seeks to ensure freedom of navigation, protect global energy supplies, and safeguard one of the world's most strategically significant maritime corridors—the Bab el-Mandeb Strait , the Red Sea , and the Gulf of Aden . The coalition represents a major transformation in regional maritime security, shifting responsibility from largely Western-led naval operations toward a broader regional security framework under Saudi le...

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. Pakistan–Somalia Defence Deal: A Strategic Expansion Toward the Bab el-Mandeb Date of Agreement: August 5, 2026 Pakistan and Somalia signed an important defence cooperation agreement on 5 August 2026 , marking another milestone in the growing strategic partnership between the two Muslim nations. The agreement was reached during the official visit of a high-level Somali delegation led by Ambassador Ahmed Moallim Fiqi , who held separate meetings with senior military leadership in Islamabad. High-Level Defence Meetings The Somali delegation first visited the Naval Headquarters, where Defence Minister Ahmed Moallim Fiqi met Admiral Naveed Ashraf . During the meeting, both sides reviewed matters of mutual professional interest, regional maritime security, and opportunities for expanding defence cooperation. Admiral Naveed Ashraf reaffirmed Pakistan's commitment to strengthening defence relations with Somalia and emphasized...

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. Modern Muslim Philosophy: An Amazing Synthesis of Idealism and Empiricism The intellectual history of the Islamic world has often been characterized by dynamic debates between abstract metaphysical speculation and observational rigor. From the rationalism of the Falasifa (hellenized philosophers) to the precise empirical methods of early Muslim scientists, Islamic thought has long resisted a rigid dichotomy between mind and matter. In the modern era, as contemporary Muslim thinkers grapple with scientific naturalism, secularism, and post-colonial identity, a distinct paradigm has re-emerged: a synthesis of idealism and empiricism. Rather than viewing idealist truths (such as divine ethics, transcendent consciousness, and metaphysical purpose) as antithetical to empirical observation, modern Muslim philosophy increasingly frames sensory data as the outward physical manifestation of an ideal metaphysical reality. The roots o...