Islamic Scientific Schools

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. The Earth Is Shrinking Cooling, Solidification, Global Contraction, and a Possible Physical Interpretation of Qur'an 21:44 Introduction The Earth is often imagined as a physically permanent sphere whose dimensions have remained essentially unchanged since its formation. Modern geophysics, however, presents a much more dynamic picture. The Earth was formed in an extremely hot state, underwent extensive melting and differentiation, and has been continuously losing internal heat ever since. Its interior remains thermally active, but the planet has nevertheless undergone a long history of cooling, crystallization, solidification, and density changes. This raises a fundamental physical question: If a planet formed from extremely hot and partly molten material gradually cools and solidifies, should its physical dimensions remain exactly constant? The answer is not necessarily. Solidification and cooling can change density and...

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. Lebanon's demographic structure is essential for understanding its politics—and especially the growing sense among many Lebanese Sunnis that they have become politically weaker and economically marginalized despite being one of the country's largest communities . Lebanon's total population is approximately 5.9 million people in 2026 . 2025: 5,849,421 — World Bank estimate. ( World Bank Open Data ) 2026 (mid-year UN estimate): approximately 5,897,467 , or 5.90 million . ( Worldometer ) So, for our demographic analysis, ~5.9 million is the appropriate current figure. But there is an important distinction This 5.9 million is the total resident population , not the number of Lebanese citizens. It includes non-citizens, including a substantial Syrian refugee population and Palestinians. That distinction is crucial when discussing Lebanon's sectarian demographics . Lebanon has not conducted an official populati...

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. Dajjal Vs Makkah Pact The Strategic and Eschatological Significance of the New Muslim Defence Architecture The Middle East is entering a period of extraordinary strategic transformation. The war involving Iran, Israel and the United States has already altered the regional balance of power, while the emergence of a new defence partnership between Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Türkiye has introduced a potentially significant counterweight. The Makkah Joint Defence Agreement , signed by Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Türkiye on 7 August 2026, declares that an armed attack against one signatory will be treated as an attack against all three. The agreement is intended to strengthen collective deterrence, defence capabilities and military readiness. Its geographical and symbolic setting is equally significant: the agreement was concluded in Makkah , the spiritual centre of the Muslim world. This raises a much broader question: Could the...