Islamic Scientific Schools

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. International Relations – CSS Student Notes Introduction What is International Relations (IR)? International Relations is the academic discipline that studies interactions among states and other actors in the international system. These interactions include political, economic, strategic, legal, cultural, and ideological dimensions. IR seeks to explain how global order is created, maintained, challenged, and transformed. In CSS, International Relations is approached both as a descriptive field (what happens in world politics) and an analytical discipline (why and how it happens). Definition and Scope of International Relations Definition International Relations can be defined as: “The study of relations among sovereign states, along with the study of non-state actors whose actions have consequences across national boundaries.” Classical definitions emphasized state-to-state relations , whereas modern definitions include g...

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. Islamic Law Introduction to Islamic Law Islamic Law ( al-Sharīʿah al-Islāmiyyah ) constitutes a divinely grounded normative system that regulates the ethical, legal, and spiritual dimensions of human conduct. Rooted primarily in the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muḥammad (peace be upon him), Islamic Law claims a revelatory authority that distinguishes it from purely positivistic legal traditions. It functions not merely as a set of prescriptive rules but as an integrated framework of moral guidance, legal principles, and civilizational values intended to organize individual life, social order, and governance in accordance with divine will. Classical jurisprudence ( fiqh ) represents the intellectual effort of Muslim jurists to derive concrete rulings from the foundational sources through systematic reasoning. This hermeneutical enterprise is governed by uṣūl al-fiqh , the discipline that outlines the epistemological...

In the Name of Allah---the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. Islamic System of Governance Introduction The Quran provides guidance for Muslims in all aspects of life, including governance and the establishment of a just and equitable society. While there is no single blueprint for an Islamic state, there are several principles in the Quran that can guide the development of such a state. Here are some of them: The sovereignty of Allah: The Quran establishes the sovereignty of Allah, meaning that all authority ultimately belongs to God. This means that any government or ruler must operate within the limits set by Allah and that the people have a duty to obey God’s laws. Justice: Justice is a fundamental principle in Islam, and the Quran commands Muslims to be just in all their dealings. This includes ensuring that the rights of all individuals are protected and that the law is applied equally to all, regardless of their status or wealth. Consultation: The Quran encourages Muslims to co...